History Of UML

After Rational Software Corporation hired James Rumbaugh from General Electric in 1994, the company became the source for the two most popular object-oriented modeling approaches of the day: Rumbaugh's OMT, which was better for object-oriented analysis (OOA), and Grady Booch's Booch method, which was better for object-oriented design (OOD). Together Rumbaugh and Booch attempted to reconcile their two approaches and started work on a Unified Method.
They were soon assisted in their efforts by Ivar Jacobson, the creator of the OOSE method. Jacobson joined Rational in 1995, after his company, Objectory, was acquired by Rational. The three methodologists were collectively referred to as the Three Amigos, since they were well known to argue frequently with each other regarding methodological preferences.
In 1996 Rational concluded that the abundance of modeling languages was slowing the adoption of object technology, so repositioning the work on a Unified Method, they tasked the Three Amigos with the development of a non-proprietary Unified Modeling Language. Representatives of competing Object Technology companies were consulted during OOPSLA '96, and were won over by Rumbaugh's a cappella rendition of his version of Joni Mitchell's "Clouds"[citation needed], indicating the victory of his OMT notation of using boxes for representing classes over Grady Booch's Booch method's notation that used cloud symbols.
Under the technical leadership of the Three Amigos, an international consortium called the UML Partners was organized in 1996 to complete the Unified Modeling Language (UML) specification, and propose it as a response to the OMG RFP. The UML Partners' UML 1.0 specification draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997. During the same month the UML Partners formed a Semantics Task Force, chaired by Cris Kobryn and administered by Ed Eykholt, to finalize the semantics of the specification and integrate it with other standardization efforts. The result of this work, UML 1.1, was submitted to the OMG in August 1997 and adopted by the OMG in November 1997[1].
As a modeling notation, the influence of the OMT notation dominates (e. g., using rectangles for classes and objects). Though the Booch "cloud" notation was dropped, the Booch capability to specify lower-level design detail was embraced. The use case notation from Objectory and the component notation from Booch were integrated with the rest of the notation, but the semantic integration was relatively weak in UML 1.1, and was not really fixed until the UML 2.0 major revision.
Concepts from many other OO methods were also loosely integrated with UML with the intent that UML would support all OO methods. For example CRC Cards (circa 1989 from Kent Beck and Ward Cunningham), and OORam were retained. Many others contributed too with their approaches flavoring the many models of the day including: Tony Wasserman and Peter Pircher with the "Object-Oriented Structured Design (OOSD)" notation (not a method), Ray Buhr's "Systems Design with Ada", Archie Bowen's use case and timing analysis, Paul Ward's data analysis and David Harel's "Statecharts", as the group tried to ensure broad coverage in the real-time systems domain. As a result, UML is useful in a variety of engineering problems, from single process, single user applications to concurrent, distributed systems, making UML rich but large.
The Unified Modeling Language is an international standard:
ISO/IEC 19501:2005 Information technology — Open Distributed Processing — Unified Modeling Language (UML) Version 1.4.2.
UML has matured significantly since UML 1.1. Several minor revisions (UML 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5) fixed shortcomings and bugs with the first version of UML, followed by the UML 2.0 major revision that was adopted by the OMG in 2003. There are four parts to the UML 2.x specification: the Superstructure that defines the notation and semantics for diagrams and their model elements; the Infrastructure that defines the core metamodel on which the Superstructure is based; the Object Constraint Language (OCL) for defining rules for model elements; and the UML Diagram Interchange that defines how UML 2 diagram layouts are exchanged. The current versions of these standards follow: UML Superstructure version 2.1.2, UML Infrastructure version 2.1.2, OCL version 2.0, and UML Diagram Interchange version 1.0[2].
Although many UML tools support some of the new features of UML 2.x, the OMG provides no test suite to objectively test compliance with its specifications.

Inflation at 5.5% in 6 months: RBI

The economy’s woes due to double-digit inflation are unlikely to end any time soon and while the Reserve Bank of India will hold a review meeting around July-end, the central bank is unable to offer any assurances on interest rate cuts in the near future. The central bank hopes that its strategies will help keep growth at 8% and bring down inflation to 5.5% in six months, but much depends on international factors, RBI governor Y V Reddy told the standing committee attached to the finance ministry on Monday in a briefing that lasted more than three hours. Reflecting their political worries, MPs questioned Reddy on the efficacy of high interest rates which had led to incease in the home loan outstandings and tenures. Reddy was not able to clearly say when the trend could be reversed or even if more hikes could be ruled out. He defended the economic situation as not being as bad as that of other growing economies. He pointed out that the “world economy was in stagflation” which was bound to cast a shadow on India as well. But on the other hand, it was incorrect to compare India with developed European nations or Japan.
A couple of MPs argued that while FDI was being allowed into the stock market, there were disincentives for Indian capital in view of the anti-inflationary measures that government had taken. This amounted to FDI being favoured even though the RBI’s response is clearly aimed at checking demand. Reddy said RBI measures had sucked out a large amount of liquidity from the economy and perhaps more measures were needed to check inflation.

India will launch 3G Soon

After a long wait, the Indian government has decided that it will auction 3G spectrum, and will allow foreign players to participate in the bidding. The spectrum is going to be released in the 2100 MHz band, which would make it compatible with rest of the world, barring a few countries such as the U.S.
Here are some specifics:
Winners will be required to pay 0.5 percent of total adjusted gross revenue to the state on an annual basis for the first three years of operation, rising to 1 percent thereafter.
Winners will not be allowed to trade or resell the spectrum and they will not be allowed to merge in the first five years after the grant.
About 30MHz of spectrum will be sold in total.
India will also auction licenses for broadband wireless (WiMAX) services, with the reserve price fixed at 25 percent of the amount for 3G spectrum.
The spectrum is going to be plentiful; our sources say that it will be enough to accommodate six carriers. The carriers we expect will make it to the finish line include the current leader, Bharti Airtel; Idea Telecom; Reliance and Vodafone (VOD). The two international cell phone companies likely to win the spectrum bid include AT&T (T) and Sistema.
If the rollout of voice services over past decade is any indication, this is a big opportunity for equipment makers. Ericsson (ERICY) and Nokia (NOK) have done well in India, and there is little reason why the situation would change, though one suspects the Chinese equipment vendors are going to act as deflationary counterweights to their Western counterparts.
The 3G services in India will eventually have to compete with WiMAX, which is being seen as the wireless broadband technology of choice by lawmakers. More importantly, this auction is a way for the Indian government to keep the telecom sector specifically and the economy overall growing at a healthy clip. India’s economy was catalyzed by telecom and call center businesses, then spread to other sectors.